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The Importance Of Exercise During Pregnancy Exercise

of primary importance to allow expectant mothers to understand that movements of the body are not a danger to an unborn child; many women continue pre-pregnancy exercise such as jogging, dance, and similar actions previously thought to be dangerous to continued gestation. In addition, a supportive family and social environment allows the mother-to-be to take the time away from family activities to devote to personal exercise without feelings of guilt. The population of pregnant women is not the only group requiring education concerning exercise during pregnancy. Since the support of family and friends is so important for continued participation in exercise, the community must also become aware of the benefits for the soon-to-be mother. Encouragement by taking on family responsibilities, working expenses into the household budget, participating with the mother in exercise activities, and assisting with transportation needs may prove to have significant impact on the continuation of ex ercise by the mother. In the light of public knowledge of the importance of exercise for the fitness and productivity of employees, many businesses offer lunch-break exercise activities and on-site programs benefiting both pregnant and non-pregnant workers. Areas for before- and after-work programs. Particularly in sedentary jobs, all employees should be encouraged by their employers to participate in company-sponsored, regular exercise .It would be neglectful not to include diet whenShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Exercise and Nutrition During Pregnancy Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesEveryone knows that a healthy pregnancy requires special care. A healthy diet accompanied by moderate exercise is very important as it will cause the fetus has a great development and thus a pregnancy will be much better, but staying healthy during pregnancy depends on you, so its crucial to arm yourself with information about the many ways to keep you and your baby as healthy as possible. A healthy diet is very important because the deficiency of some nutrients can cause various adverse effectsRead MoreSample Exercise Program Plan for a 20-Year-Old Pregnant Woman674 Words   |  3 Pagesher weight gain during her pregnancy and, indeed, she is tall and proportionately streamlined. However, she confesses to never having truly engaged in an exercise program since she graduated from college. The considerations we have reviewed and the exercise regime that we have selected for her is outlined below. A review of the clients history did not reveal any health concerns. Specifically, we discussed the following special conditions that could cause us to limit her exercise routine: heartRead MorePrenatal and Postpartum Scenario Essay714 Words   |  3 Pagesof your growing baby. The importance of a healthy diet and exercise cannot be more critical during the pregnancy and postpartum stages of a womans life. There are few changes that alter a womans life hormonally, physically, and mentally. So that you can better be prepared for these experiences, I have prepared a healthy activity list below that I believe will positively affect the infants future development and your well being. †¢ Nutrition during and after pregnancy is important. Make sureRead MoreThe Holistic Approach of Qi Exercise for Healthy Pregnant Women1439 Words   |  6 PagesApproach of Qi Exercise for Healthy Pregnant Women Definition and Description Qi exercise is a holistic, traditional Chinese form of therapy that consists of a sequence of postures, breathing awareness, and meditation (Ji Han, 2010). By practicing Qi exercise, Ji and Han (2010) state that one may be able to achieve improvement in physical strength and endurance, the ability to stay relaxed, and the mind’s sense of concentration and relaxation. It may be used as a gentle exercise intervention forRead MorePrenatal and Postpartum Scenario770 Words   |  4 PagesActivity List The following memo is a daily activity list for your 6-month pregnancy timeline consisting of three activities that positively affect your infant’s future development. Along with the daily activity list in the following paragraphs you will receive and explanation of the importance of these activities for the baby’s development. These activities will also assist in any future pregnancies you may choose to have. These activities and explanations will be based on developmentalRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Gestational Diabetes1325 Words   |  6 PagesGestational diabetes is a glucose intolerance that develops during pregnancy. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are important because gestational diabetes can cause serious maternal and fetal complications. Diet and exercise are the first line treatment options of gestational diabetes, while insulin therapy is the first line medical treatment option. Nurses’ play an important role in education and suppor t of gestational diabetes because they provide day-to-day care for their patients. In thisRead MoreNursing Research Critique Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagesto Walking or Stretching, and Risk of Preeclampsia in Sedentary Pregnant Women† Introduction This paper is to critique a study of adherence to walking or stretching during pregnancy in high risk women who were sedentary and had previously experienced preeclampsia. The introduction of this article does give a sense of the importance of the problem area. This four-year study investigates the effects of walking or stretching on the incidence of preeclampsia and reports on adherence to the interventionRead MoreThe Effect Of A Home Based Exercise Intervention On Postnatal Depression And Fatigue1650 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this paper is present a synopsis of the article titled, The Effect of a Home-Based Exercise Intervention on Postnatal Depression and Fatigue: A Randomized Control Trial. This synopsis addresses the following items: purpose or objective, background, primary independent and dependent variables, main findings of the literature review, methods, statistical tests used and rationale for each, primary outcomes, results or findings, conclusions, and eviden ce rating using the SORT and GRADERead MoreWhy Diabetes Mellitus And How It Affects The United States1379 Words   |  6 PagesThere are several ways mitigate the chances of becoming diabetic, as well as maintaining low blood sugar levels. Exercise plays a huge role in keeping healthy and maintaining a healthy immune system. Daily TV commercials are continually preaching the importance of just 30 minutes of exercise a day and the importance of healthy eating. The number one thing many people refer to someone with diabetes is that they are â€Å"fat†. Society has put this into our heads that if someone is diabetic, they areRead MoreAntenatal Care1849 Words   |  8 Pagesof pregnancy in order to support normal fetal development and thus aid the health of the unborn. Antenatal care should also provide support and guidance to the woman and her partner to help them in their transition to parenthood. The midwife can provide sufficient antenatal care by developing a partnersh ip with the woman, providing a holistic approach that meets her individual needs, exchanging information with the woman and her family to enable them to make informed decisions about pregnancy and

Business Project Management Flinders Street Railway Station

Question: Describe about the Business Project Management for Flinders Street Railway Station. Answer: The iconic Flinders Street Railway Station located in Melbourne town is undergoing a constructional up radiation project aimed at restoring the heritage building and making it structurally sound, besides conserving the area in a sustainable manner. This paper is aimed at identifying the Project Management Approach, the Procurement Management Plan, the Quality Management Plan and Quality Baseline that should be utilized in the project so as to ensure the successful completion of the same. Project Management Approach Researcher Kerzner (2013) is of the opinion that following approaches are utilized for managing organizational project activities: Traditional approach: The traditional approach of project management consists of the following phases: project initiation stage, project planning and design stages, project monitoring and control stages, project execution stage and project completion stage (Walker 2015). The author is also of the opinion that the traditional approach of project management is extremely rigid, and is thus utilized in such projects in which adherence to specific plans and strategies is essential. Critical chain approach: The critical chain approaches on the identification and analysis of the constrains and risks associated with any project so as to ensure it successful completion. Researchers Mir and Pinnington (2014) are of the opinion that the critical approach of project management has been found to be considerably effective in maintaining the quality levels of the projects. The PRINCE2 approach, as remarked by Fewings (2013), includes efficient quality management processes, along with control and monitoring activities for ensuring the fact that the outcome o the project are in alignment with the objectives of the same. The Flinders Street Railway Station up gradation project is aimed at the conservation of an existing heritage building: thus, the development of detailed plans, along with effective control and monitoring of activities are some of the most essential aspects of the project. Thus, the traditional approach of project management would be most suitable for the said project. Procurement Management Plan According to Crawford (2014), the procurement management plan essentially outlines the activities to be conducted during the procurement process. The author has also identified the most important aspects of such plans, the details of which have been outlined below: Identification of the contract to be used: According to Whitaker (2016), conducting the Make-or-Buy Analysis is the very first step of procurement management process. The authors are also of the opinion that, in case the project management team decides on to utilize the services of other service providers to conduct the operational aspects of the project, the selection of the appropriate contract type becomes necessary. On the other hand, researchers Ferri et al. (2014) have commented that the Fixed-Price Contracts and the Cost-Reimbursable Contracts are two of the most widely used contracts used in construction process. The former contract types mandates paying a fixed amount of money to the contractor irrespective of any changes in the prices of the materials being used, while the second one encourages paying the contractors for their services only. It is a well known fact that the prices of constructional materials tend to change during the lifecycle of projects: thus, the Cost-Reimbursable Contracts should preferably be used in project under consideration. The delivery dates of the project need to be highlighted by the higher management associated with the project (Giannakis 2012). A tender should be arranged for, thus encouraging service providers to participate in the contracting process. It is worth mentioning that the selection of the vendors should be based on the service they are capable of providing and the charges demanded for the same. The quality of the services provided by the contractors have to be monitored periodically and the changes might have to be included in the procurement processes based on the results of such activities (Ferri et al. 2014). Quality Management Plan Roles and responsibilities of the quality control team: The roles and responsibilities of the team associated with the quality control activities of the project are being defined below: Sl. No Role Responsibility 1 Quality control manager (Harris and McCaffer 2013). i. Ensuring the adherence to the quality management plan ii. Ensure that all quality control processes are followed. 2 Field Superintendent i. Conducting daily inspections ii. Developing weekly quality reports iii. Documenting all mention worthy events that occur on the construction site (McGeorge and Zou 2012). Quality control execution The following activities need to be conducted for ensuring the quality of the project: The characteristic features of the constructional work being conducted has to be defined. Surveillance and inspection mechanisms have to be conducted on a daily basis (Walker 2015). The work permits, licenses and certifications associated with the project need to be adhered to during the lifecycle of the same (McGeorge and Zou 2012). Quality Baseline The table below provides detailed discussion on the quality control standards being utilized in the project: Project Product Respective Quality Control Standards Respective Inputs Project schedule The project schedule has to be inspected in order to ensure the following: i. Resources are allocated to each project activity (McGeorge and Zou 2012). ii. Resource allocation does not exceed cent percent iii. Representation of project activities has been done in a realistic manner. i. Standard project schedules ii. Completed and well documented project plan Documentation utilized in Change Management process The change management document has to be inspected in order to ensure the following: i. Change requests have been documented appropriately (Harris and McCaffer 2013). ii. Minutes of meetings conducted for reviewing the change requests have been documented appropriately (Whitaker 2016). iii. Change orders have been included in the project schedule in an appropriate manner(Walker 2015). i. Change Management Plan ii. Change requests iii. Revised project management plan Test plans and use cases The test plans and use cases have to be inspected in order to ensure the following: i. The test plans had been developed while considering all the issues that might exist in the project (Harris and McCaffer 2013). ii. The repair work estimates included in the task schedule are realistic i. The test plans ii. The defect management plans iii. Revised project schedules (Walker 2015) References Crawford, J.K., 2014.Project management maturity model. CRC Press. Ferri, L.M., Oelze, N., Habisch, A. and Molteni, M., 2014. Implementation of responsible Procurement Management: An Institutional Perspective.Business Strategy and the Environment. Fewings, P., 2013.Construction project management: An integrated approach. Routledge. Giannakis, M., 2012. The role of procurement in the management of supplier relationships.International Journal of Procurement Management,5(3), pp.368-408. Harris, F. and McCaffer, R., 2013.Modern construction management. John Wiley Sons. Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. McGeorge, D. and Zou, P.X., 2012.Construction management: New directions. John Wiley Sons. Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), pp.202-217. Walker, A., 2015.Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons. Whitaker, S., 2016. Procurement Management. InPass the PMP Exam(pp. 405-444). Apress.

Introduction To Marketing free essay sample

It depends on costs Of production, segment targeted, ability of the market to pay, supply demand and a host of other direct and indirect factors. There can be several types of pricing strategies, each tied in with an overall business plan. Pricing can also be used a demarcation, to differentiate and enhance the image of a product. Product: refers to the item actually being sold. The product must deliver a minimum level of performance; otherwise even the best work on the other elements of the marketing mix wont do any good. Place: refers to the point f sale. In every industry, catching the eye of the consumer and making it easy for her to buy it is the main aim of a good distribution or place strategy. Retailers pay a premium for the right location. In fact, the mantra of a successful retail business is location, location, location. Promotion: this refers to all the activities undertaken to make the product or service known to the user and trade. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction To Marketing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This can include advertising, word of mouth, press reports, incentives, commissions and awards to the trade. It can also include consumer schemes, direct marketing, contests and prizes.Literature Review. APPLE PRODUCT GROWTH AND VALUATION. Apples 1997 Think Different marketing campaign was one of its most memorable ever. Billboards and banners featured huge black-and-white portraits of performers, artists, scientists, and political leaders whose outsider ideas eventually became mainstream. The implicit message was that Apples insanely great products were for quirky rebels who would one day dominate the world. The photo of Steve Jobs on the cover of his posthumous biography would have fit right in.The Apple of today is turning its back on that creative class. Apple no longer signs for creators of digital media, who tend to be very demanding about product quality. Instead, Apple builds for consumers-?in both senses of the word: people who spend their own money, rather than their companies, and people who consume digital media, as opposed to people who produce it Focusing on digital consumption has made Apple wildly profitable, but the companys products have trended downwards in quality, flexibility, and even reliability.Apple appears to be suffering from growing pains. The company-?which declined to comment for this article-?seems increasingly overwhelmed by the did range of products and services that it has created, and is responding (quite logically) by spending significantly less effort on items that appeal to a shrinking percentage of its customer base-?a group that unfortunately includes digital creators. The danger is that by focusing On consumption, rather than production, Apple will jeopardize the very essence that first made its products insanely.Apples Strategic Profile Value Culture vs.. Cost Culture In my view, Apples good and ba d sides both emanate from the same business philosophy: adroit exploitation of market power for the sole benefit f the company and its investors. This model does not consider what is fair but what is competitively achievable in higher prices for products sold and lower costs for products made. Value Culture: When it comes to customers, Apple applies the notion value, i. E. , a pricing strategy that is driven by its focus on the value-?real and perceived-?to its customers.The customer is willing to pay a price that is equal to the products perceived value to the customer. Hence, as long as the customers are satisfied, Apple is under no obligation to reduce its prices. SHORT ANALYSIS: SOOT: stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. It is a way of Summarizing the current state of a company and helping to devise a plan for the future,One that employs the existing strengths redresses existing weaknesses, superconductivitys and defends against threats.

FAA - Before and After free essay sample

This paper takes a look at the FAA and its role before and after the Sept 11th attacks This paper provides a detailed look at the FAA and its role in the Sept 11th terrorist attack aftermath. It gives a history of the establishment of this institution and asks how it will have to change to cope with the post Sept 11th reality. From the paper: According to James Q. Wilson, ?War is the greatest test of a bureaucratic organization.? (Wilson, 1989, p. 45). He was of course speaking of the difficulties of leading soldiers into battle, but on September 11, airline pilots, air traffic controllers and the Federal Aviation Administration were on the front lines of a new kind of war. This essay will consider the FAA under this time of stress and rapid change.

6 Fast-Growing Healthcare Jobs for 2015 and Beyond

6 Fast-Growing Healthcare Jobs for 2015 and Beyond The healthcare industry is poised for tremendous growth in the years ahead thanks to the influx of insured Americans through the Affordable Care Act as well as the aging Baby Boomer population. Based on figures from the United State Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statics, those looking for careers with unprecedented job security and potential for growth need look no further than these six healthcare jobs. 1. Registered NursesRNs are responsible for a broad spectrum of patient care duties, including everything from medical tasks to emotional support for patients and their families. RNS work in a variety of healthcare settings, including hospitals, nursing care facilities, physicians’ offices, schools, prisons, and in-home healthcare.There are a few different pathways to becoming an RN. Many people opt to pursue a bachelor’s degree in the field; associate’s degrees in nursing are also offered, as are diploma programs. Regardless of the type of nursin g degree, all RNs must be licensed.According to the BLS, RNs earn a median annual wage of more than $65,000. These salaries are likely to rise in the years ahead as demand grows. Just how strong is the outlook for these healthcare professionals? Employment is projected to skyrocket by 19 percent by 2022.2. Home Health AidesAs demand for health care services continues to increase, home health aides will fill an important void. These trained professionals provide assistance to people who suffer from chronic illness or cognitive impairment; they also help seniors and people with disabilities. Home health aides, who work in a multitude of different settings, require no formal training although most do have high school degrees. However, those working in specific settings - such as for hospice agencies - may require formal training and testing.While home health aides earn an average of nearly $21,000 a year, this may change with demand. In fact, the employment of home health aides is e xpected to grow by a whopping 48 percent between now and 2022 - significantly outpacing the average for all occupations.3. Nursing AssistantsNursing assistants, also called orderlies, provide basic patient care in settings ranging from hospitals to nursing homes. They are required by their states to complete an education program, and must also pass a competency exam in order to become certified. The average annual pay for nursing assistants and orderlies hovers around $24,000, according to the BLS. As the elderly population continues to grow, the need for these skilled professionals will correlate. Experts predict 21 percent employment growth between now and 2022.4. Medical SecretariesMedical secretaries perform basic administrative duties in a healthcare setting. This typically requires specific knowledge of medical terminology and procedures; additional duties may include everything from billing patients to scheduling appointments. Occasionally, medical secretaries also take med ical histories, order supplies, and assist patients. According to the BLS, the median salary of a medical secretary is currently just under $32,000 although salaries can reach as high as $46,420. Even more noteworthy? Jobs for medical secretaries will experience a staggering 36 percent increase by 2022.5. Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational NursesAlso known as LPNs and LVNs, these skilled healthcare professional work under the direction of doctors and RNs while providing basic patient care, such as checking blood pressure, changing bandages, inserting catheters, and offering basic care and comfort. Work environments are diverse, and range from hospitals to private homes. In addition to licensure, both LPNs and LVNs require the completion of a one-year state-approved educational program.According to the BLS, LPNs and LVNs earn a median annual pay of just over $41,500. Between 2012 and 2022, jobs are expected to grow by as much as 25 percent thanks to increases in chronic condi tions among the aging population.6. Medical AssistantsMedical assistants are responsible for a number of different clinical and administrative tasks in healthcare settings. The specifics of the role, however, vary depending on the specialty, location and size of practice. While it’s possible to become a medical assistant with a high school degree, most at least have a certificate. Others learn through on-the-job training opportunities. While the average salary for medical assistants is $29,370, a growth rate of 29 percent between 2012 and 2022 may lead to greater demand as well as higher salaries.The healthcare system is currently facing many uncertainties, but one fact is very clear: educated and experienced healthcare workers will deliver much-needed skills in the evolving landscape of the American healthcare system. For more information on the current state of the job market or to harness the power of the RealMatch job search platform, visit The Job Network.

Software Application life-cycle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Software Application life-cycle - Research Paper Example It also depends upon the time and budget constraints of which of the life-cycle model will be appropriate to adapt. This paper will introduce and compare two of the life cycle models; the waterfall and the agile model. The models will be compared and analyzed in the context of the mobile software development project. This is to propose the most adequate model for a mobile software development project (Schach, 2010). Comparative Analysis of Life-Cycle Models The waterfall life cycle model is a sequential process model. It is a step-by-step development model starting from the initial design phase and ending to the completion phase (the maintenance phase) (Schach, 2010, p. 53). The phases of the model are interdependent on each other as the next phase begins only when the previous phase is ideally completed. Adapting waterfall model for the mobile software development project could be worth it as it may include the detailed stages of requirements analysis, design, and implementation, gi ving ideal completion to the mobile software (Munassar & Govardhan, 2010). Contrary to the waterfall model is the iterative incremental life cycle model, which is based on correspondence and integration (Bittner & Spence, 2006, p. 143). The iteration model leads a mobile project incrementally, which means that it has more compatibility that the waterfall method to adapt changes in the initial requirements’ stage. It is a reversible model looped to the adjusting and modifying code source requirements (Gomaa, 2011). The waterfall life cycle model is a more detailed and apprehensive model for mobile software development (Mall, 2009). It is a more comprehensive model than iteration to complete a mobile development project. However, it could be more expensive than the iteration model as it is less flexible to adapt changes. The rigidity of the model is what makes it a more complex model to adapt (Schach, 2010). Iterative incremental model is more flexible as compare to the waterfa ll model. More specifically, for the short term mobile projects, iteration model is supple to adapt. The mobile software development often requires changes in each development stage (Schach, 2010). Likewise, there are feedback inputs from stakeholders or users that could come at the beginning or at mid or ending stages of design and implementation. This requires incorporation of the design changes or requirements changes, on where iterative incremental model is more effective to adjust (Schach, 2010). Due to sequential rigidity, the waterfall life cycle model gives less space to the mobile clients. It gives less room to the customers to assert their initial requirements (Schach, 2010). On the other side, iterative incremental model gives much choice to users to put on their initial requirements. As the iterative model affords the low cost on changes or modification so it allows users to give major demands or requirements. This is how iteration model is more market oriented than wate rfall. It is a model which is customer focused than waterfall model (Gomaa, 2011). The waterfall lifecycle model can take more time than iteration model to complete a mobile software project (Munassar & Govardhan, 2010). Comparatively the waterfall model requires larger set of data than iteration in proceeding and completing a project. As each phase is more detailed and more apprehensive so it makes the waterfall model a time consuming model (Mall, 2009). Apart from all, iterative increme

Sex and gender are both social constructions. Discuss Essay

Sex and gender are both social constructions. Discuss - Essay Example To achieve this, people invest the item with value, which every person acknowledge (therefore acting as though it has significance), and this explains people’s practices where money is concerned. However, currency is not just a thing, which occurs autonomously of human doings in the real world. In consequence, money is a social construction and a concept. It is incredibly real - calling money a social construct does not make it non-existent or imaginary. Nevertheless, its actuality is reliant on our ethnicity practices as well as our culture. This denotes that its classification, meaning, use and value are completely contingent on ethnicity. This paper will discuss sex and gender as social constructions. As society’s culture transmutes, so do their constructs. Certain constructs develop and then plunge into abandonment, and therefore, grow out of subsistence. Others remain; however, they vary from one civilization and historical episode to another. Sex and gender are su ch constructs. The behaviours and traits, which are believed to be feminine and masculine, differ vividly from one ethnicity and time interlude to another. Suitable ways of conduct oneself, the labour, which is allotted to gender sets, beliefs concerning natural talents and predispositions change drastically (Butler 2008). In addition, this adaptation and variation to circumstances, as well as social pressures underpins the notion that gender and sex are social constructions instead of some kind of essence, which begins from biology. Since if gender were shaped through physical sex, it would never change in this manner, but would be constant, simply as other naturally determined traits remain constant. Hence, gender differs with cultural transformation (Butler 2008). Gender is designated at birth rendering to bodily sex. Medical specialists inspect the infant's genitals and proclaim that the infant is a girl or a boy (except in the case where the new-born is intersex, where much eff ort is made to compel the kid into one faction or another). At that moment, the work inaugurates to fraternise the kid and impart the script, which matches with the gender that they have been allocated. In addition, most of people become pretty good on performing the fitting script. People learn which sentiments they are expected to exhibit, which undertakings they are expected to relish and shine at, as well as which ones they are expected to avoid. People also learn how to converse with one another, how to control their body language, and which type of hobbies and work they are expected to pursue. For many people it is not an appropriate fit, but people manage, or they learn ways of making those qualities about themselves, which do not match the script less visible. Nevertheless, for some people, it feels erroneous enough that they cannot just fit. For gender queer and trans gender,an individual, acting the new script or even an altered script completely, is the lone technique to render life liveable (Jackson, Steve & Sue 2006). Therefore, this description provokes a few queries such as why there exist only and why people require these scripts. People require the scripts as well as the evidently delineated categorical differences, because people cannot design hierarchy without variance. Hierarchy hinges on difference, therefore, people pick some physical

Human Cloning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Cloning - Research Paper Example Besides therapeutic and reproductive cloning another category of cloning called the replacement cloning is also gaining prevalence. Replacement cloning is an amalgamation of therapeutic as well as reproductive cloning. The term gained prominence as it involves comprehensively injured, abortive, or weakening body, and replacement of the whole or partial organ or part of the body. The present article discusses the pros and cons of human cloning while extracting attention to understand the significance of human cloning in the advancement of human civilization. Introduction Human cloning is the process of generating a genetically indistinguishable replica of human being. The process is thought to be of therapeutic or reproductive importance. Therapeutic cloning encompasses cloning cells for their exploitation in treating various ailments. On the other hand reproductive cloning generates human clones, this is prohibited in many nations because of ethical concerns. The moral predicament of human cloning lies on the argument either to promote or to impede cloning (Human cloning). The Problems/Dangers and Controversies of Cloning Cloning is discouraged by various nations as cloning is against the rule of nature, which is generating humans, nurturing them and paving the way for uncertainties related with the repercussions of science. At present human population has crossed the figure of 7 billion, a huge burden on the planet. Is cloning going to resolve the issue of exponentially increasing human population is a big question imposed by the detractors of human cloning (Disadvantages of cloning). Considering the previous failures that involved Dolly experiments, uncertainty of science technology is mounting. Detractors of human cloning have their say about the loss of genetic diversity leading to higher probability and pervasiveness of genetic diseases. Poor adaptability of clones may become detrimental for situations of jeopardy. Inbreeding leads to self-annihilation. Cl oning is inhumane as it abolish the bond of love and care and is said to be transgressing the nature. The process of cloning highlight that the human or scientists can play the role of Creator or God as cloning is a kind of asexual reproduction, therefore reduces the sense of distinctiveness of a character, lacking uniqueness and freedom (Disadvantages of cloning; Williamson, 1999). Morally it is not supported by the opponents as they believe that human beings cannot take the laws of mother nature in hand and one cannot play the role of the Creator, God of the universe. For therapeutic use also if embryonic stem cells are being used, it is an eventual process of killing the embryo (Ethical Dilemmas of Cloning). It is also noteworthy to have an insight regarding the amplification in human population and ecological burden on resources and on other surviving species. Growing population is putting pressure on the demands of basic amenities, infrastructures and social set ups; with human cloning, further contribution to disaster cannot be eluded (Disadvantages of cloning). According to Savulescu (1999), human cloning is accountable to abuse, a person's right to individualism and self-sufficiency and being self is violated, moreover genetic individuality is also lost and human beings are used as a model organism.

Computer Networks And Wireless Transmissions

Computer Networks And Wireless Transmissions In telecommunications, wireless communication may be used to transfer information over short distances or long distance. The term is often shortened to wireless. it encompasses various types of fixed , mobile, cellular telephones etc. now -a days people who need to be online all the time. For these mobile users, twisted pair, coax, and fiber optics are of no use. They need to get their hits of data for their laptop, notebooks, shirt pocket or wrist watch computers without being tethered to the terrestrial communication infrastructure. For these users, wireless communication is the answer. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Wireless transmission can provide special services and conveniences to people, such as connection to the internet or other networks without connecting to wire directly. It can also facilitate the creation of networks in special situations, such as terrain that is unfriendly to ground cables. Wireless communication began, in fact, in the Hawaiian island precisely the problem of terrain separated by large stretched of ocean. Political organizations determine which sections of the spectrum of light are all to which wireless transmission purpose. Because the existing organizations are always in agreement with current practice or with each other, some products manufactured for one country may not work in another. RADIO TRANSMISSION Radio waves are easy to generate and are omnidirectional, but have low transmission rates. Also, depending on their frequency, radio waves either cannot travel very far, or are absorbed by the earth. In some cases, though, high frequency waves are reflected back to earth by the ionosphere. Ionosphere is a layer of the atmosphere. MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION Microwave transmission is popular for its ability to travel in straight lines. A source can be directly focused on its destination without interfering with neighboring transmissions. Because they travel in straight lines, though, the curvature of the earth can interfere with the microwave transmitters. The solution to this is the addition of repeaters in between the source and destination to redirect the data path. Microwaves are used for long distance communication like cellular phones, garage door openers and so on.. INFRARED AND MILLIMETER WAVES Infrared light is used for close- range communication, such as remote controls, because if does not pass through objects well. This is also a plus because infrared communications in one room de not interfere with the infrared communications in another room. Infrared communication is more secure than other option, such as radio, but it cannot be used outside due to interference by the sun. LIGHTWAVE TRANSMISSION Lasers can be used for wireless communication. It is a relatively low cost way to connect two buildings LAN, but it has drawbacks. The laser is difficult to target on the destinations receiver because the beam is so small. Laser light also diffuses easily in poor atmospheric conditions like rain, fog and so on. TERMS OF WIRELESS TRANSMISSION The theoretical basis for data communication Transmission media Wireless transmission The telephone system Narrowband ISDN Broadband ISDN and ATM THE THEORETICAL BASIS FOR DATA COMMUNICATION Harmonics An infinite series, such as a Fourier series, is just the addition of an infinite number of terms. Each term is called a harmonic. Baud Signals are used to send data over a write. If we want to indicate a data change, there is a corresponding signal change on the wire. The maximum possible number of signal changes per second is called the baud. Fourier Series A periodic function is one that repeats itself over time. Sine and cosine are periodic functions. Fourier proved that any reasonably behaved periodic function could be written as a sum of sine and cosine functions. This is important because sine and cosine are easily represented and recreated. The Fourier series allows periodic signals to be sent over a wire. Voice-Grade Line A voice-grade line has certain restrictions that limits the maximum number of signal changes per second. Signal-To-Noise Ratio Decibels A way to measure to measure the thermal noise that is present on a wire. TRANSMISSION MEDIA Here more than ten terms are there so I am going to explain five terms: Magnetic Media Material on which to store data. It is used in diskettes and magnetic tape. Magnetic media is a common way to transport data quickly. Twisted Pair The oldest and still most common transmission medium. Two insulated copper wires. Twisting the wires reduces electrical interferences from nearby wires. It also counters the antenna effect caused by parallel wires. Head-End In a dual cable system, there are two cables which only transmit data in one direction each. At one end of the network, data is collection from one line for re-transmission on the line going the opposite direction. The end of the network responsible for the data collection and retransmission is called the head-end. Subsplit When two cables are not used, but there is need for simulation of dual cable system, bandwidth on a single cable can be split up, with one portion representing one cable, and the other portion representing the second cable. Splitting the frequencies so that the lower frequencies are used for one purpose and the higher for another is called a subsplit system. Mode Characteristic of a light wave associated with the reflection of the wave through the silica fiber. WIRELESS TRANSMISSION Frequency (F) Light and electricity travel in the form of waves. Waves are periodic in that they repeat themselves, so the frequency of a wave is just the number of times the wave repeats itself in one second. Hertz (Hz) The unit of measure of frequency. The name comes from the german physicist who first produced electromagnetic waves. Wavelength (Lambda) Wavelength is the measure of the length of a wave that is it is used ti find the distance between two consecutive maxima or minima. Speed Of Light (C) The speed that electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum approximately 3*108 m/sec. electromagnetic waves do not travel as fast through a medium as they do through a vacuum. Spread Spectrum A pattern for EM transmission which is popular in the military for its ability to avoid jamming. The transmitter hops from frequency to frequency across a wide frequency band. THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM In this there are more than ten terms so here I am going to explain six terms Public Switched Telephone Network The currently existing network used for telephone communication. It was designed specifically for voice, and is not well suited for use by computers for transmitting data to one another. End Office The place to which your telephones lines connect to receive the telephone service. The distance from the telephone to the end office is usually small around 1 to 10km). Toll Offices Switching centers that connect several end offices. Tandem Offices Similar to the toll office, except it connects the end offices that are within the same local area. Toll Connecting Trunks The hardware which connects the end office to the toll of offices. NARROWBAND ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network Fully digital, circuit switched telephone system that is designed to accommodate both voice and data services. Digital Bit Pipe A bi-directional logical pipe which will pass bits on from source to destination without concern about whether they are voice. NT1 Device placed between the user and the nearest end office allows ISDN connection. Plain Old Telephone Exchange or NT2 Device placed between the end user which can provide a variety of ISDN services. Narrowband ISDN ISDN services on 64-kbps channels. BROADBAND ISDN AND ATM Broadband ISDN It is more recent design for a digital network on which data can travel rates of 155Mbps. It is based on ATM technology. Permanent Virtual Circuits Virtual circuits that remains in place for extended periods of time. Switched Virtual Circuits Virtual circuits that remains in place for short periods of time, typically related to the session time. Head-Of-Line Blocking If a questionable cell tries to come into ATM switch, it will be stalled, effectively stalling the cells behind it unfairly. This is called head-of -line blocking. Knockout Switch To solve the head-of-line blocking problem, queuing on the output side has been proposed. The knockout switch does just this, by stimulating a single output queue by having several output queues that are activated on a round- robin type basis. FORMULAE THE THEORETICAL BASIS FOR DATA COMMUNICATION Baud Rate The baud rate is NOT the same as the data rate. Baud tells how many signals are sent per second, but there are ways of encoding more than one bit per signal change. AVOID getting this confused. Baud= number of signal changes/second Maximum Data Rate Of A Channel (Nyquists Theorem) Max data rate=2 Hlog2 V H=bandwidth in HZ V=discrete levels This formula shows the maximum number of bits that can be sent per second on a data line with a bandwidth of H, is V bits are sent per signal. The max data rate should be in bits per second. Signal-To-Noise Ratio 10log10(S/N) S=signal power N=noise power This formula is used to quantify the quality of a line. It is not usually presented as a ratio, but instead it is given in the units decibels. Maximum Number of Bits Per Second (Shannons Result) Max number of bits per second=H log2 (1+(S/N)) This formula shows the maximum achievable data rate on a noisy line. The difference between shannons result and Nyquists theorem is that Shannons result takes the noise on a line into consideration. The noise can drastically reduce a lines capacity to send data. It is measured in bits per second. TRANSMISSION MEDIA Attenuation 10 log10 (transmitted power/ received power) Attenuation is a way to measure the amount of power lost in a signals strength from when it was sent to when it was received. Attenuation is measured in decibels. WIRELESS TRANSMISSION This formula is used to find the relationship between frequency, wavelength, and the speed of light. Lambda f=c Lambda=wavelength F=frequency C=speed of light THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM This formula is used to fine the bits per second. Bits per second= number of bits per signal change*baud. BIBILIOGRPHY Google.com Wikipedia.com

Organic food Essay

We asked Food Scientists a simple question: â€Å"What foods do you avoid? Experts from different areas of specialty explain why they won’t eat these eight foods. Food scientists are shedding light on items loaded with toxins and chemicals–and simple swaps for a cleaner diet and supersized health. Experts from different areas of specialty explain why they won’t eat these eight foods. Clean eating means choosing fruits, vegetables, and meats that are raised, grown, and sold with minimal processing. Often they’re organic, and rarely (if ever) should they contain additives. But in some cases, the methods of today’s food producers are neither clean nor sustainable. The result is damage to our health, the environment, or both. So we decided to take a fresh look at food through the eyes of the people who spend their lives uncovering what’s safe–or not–to eat. † Their answers don’t necessarily make up a â€Å"banned foods† list. But reaching for the suggested alternatives might bring you better health–and peace of mind. 1. The Endocrinologist Won’t Eat: Canned Tomatoes Fredrick Vom Saal, is an endocrinologist at the University of Missouri who studies bisphenol-A. The problem: The resin linings of tin cans contain bisphenol-A, a synthetic estrogen that has been linked to ailments ranging from reproductive problems to heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. Unfortunately, acidity (a prominent characteristic of tomatoes) causes BPA to leach into your food. Studies show that the BPA in most people’s body exceeds the amount that suppresses sperm production or causes chromosomal damage to the eggs of animals. â€Å"You can get 50 mcg of BPA per liter out of a tomato can, and that’s a level that is going to impact people, particularly the young,† says vom Saal. â€Å"I won’t go near canned tomatoes. † The solution: Choose tomatoes in glass bottles (which do not need resin linings), such as the brands Bionaturae and Coluccio. You can also get several types in Tetra Pak boxes, likeTrader Joe’s and Pomi. Exposure to BPA Causes Permanent Damage In OffSpring 2. The Farmer Won’t Eat: Corn-Fed Beef Joel Salatin is co-owner of Polyface Farms and author of half a dozen books on sustainable farming. The problem: Cattle evolved to eat grass, not grains. But farmers today feed their animals corn and soybeans, which fatten up the animals faster for slaughter. But more money for cattle farmers (and lower prices at the grocery store) means a lot less nutrition for us. A recent comprehensive study conducted by the USDA and researchers from Clemson University found that compared with corn-fed beef, grass-fed beef is higher in beta-carotene, vitamin E, omega-3s, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), calcium, magnesium, and potassium; lower in inflammatory omega-6s; and lower in saturated fats that have been linked to heart disease. â€Å"We need to respect the fact that cows are herbivores, and that does not mean feeding them corn and chicken manure,† says Salatin. The solution: Buy grass-fed beef, which can be found at specialty grocers, farmers markets, and nationally at Whole Foods. It’s usually labeled because it demands a premium, but if you don’t see it, ask your butcher. 3. The Toxicologist Won’t Eat: Microwave Popcorn Olga Naidenko, is a senior scientist for the Environmental Working Group. The problem: Chemicals, including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), in the lining of the bag, are part of a class of compounds that may be linked to infertility in humans, according to a recent study from UCLA. In animal testing, the chemicals cause liver, testicular, and pancreatic cancer. Studies show that microwaving causes the chemicals to vaporize–and migrate into your popcorn. â€Å"They stay in your body for years and accumulate there,† says Naidenko, which is why researchers worry that levels in humans could approach the amounts causing cancers in laboratory animals. DuPont and other manufacturers have promised to phase out PFOA by 2015 under a voluntary EPA plan, but millions of bags of popcorn will be sold between now and then. The solution: Pop organic kernels the old-fashioned way: in a skillet. For flavorings, you can add real butter or dried seasonings, such as dillweed, vegetable flakes, or soup mix. Make it organic and use coconut oil. If You’re Still Eating Microwave Popcorn, You’re Not Fully Grasping The Health Consequences 4. The Farm Director Won’t Eat: Nonorganic Potatoes Jeffrey Moyer is the chair of the National Organic Standards Board. The problem: Root vegetables absorb herbicides, pesticides, and fungicides that wind up in soil. In the case of potatoes–the nation’s most popular vegetable–they’re treated with fungicides during the growing season, then sprayed with herbicides to kill off the fibrous vines before harvesting. After they’re dug up, the potatoes are treated yet again to prevent them from sprouting. â€Å"Try this experiment: Buy a conventional potato in a store, and try to get it to sprout. It won’t,† says Moyer, who is also farm director of the Rodale Institute (also owned by Rodale Inc. , the publisher of Prevention). â€Å"I’ve talked with potato growers who say point-blank they would never eat the potatoes they sell. They have separate plots where they grow potatoes for themselves without all the chemicals. † The solution: Buy organic potatoes. Washing isn’t good enough if you’re trying to remove chemicals that have been absorbed into the flesh. Budget tip: Organic potatoes are only $1 to $2 a pound, slightly more expensive than conventional spuds. 5. The Fisheries Expert Won’t Eat: Farmed Salmon Dr. David Carpenter, director of the Institute for Health and the Environment at the University at Albany, published a major study in the journal Science on contamination in fish. The problem: Nature didn’t intend for salmon to be crammed into pens and fed soy, poultry litter, and hydrolyzed chicken feathers. As a result, farmed salmon is lower in vitamin D and higher in contaminants, including carcinogens, PCBs, brominated flame retardants, and pesticides such as dioxin and DDT. According to Carpenter, the most contaminated fish come from Northern Europe, which can be found on American menus. â€Å"You could eat one of these salmon dinners every 5 months without increasing your risk of cancer,† says Carpenter, whose 2004 fish contamination study got broad media attention. â€Å"It’s that bad. † Preliminary science has also linked DDT to diabetes and obesity, but some nutritionists believe the benefits of omega-3s outweigh the risks. There is also concern about the high level of antibiotics and pesticides used to treat these fish. When you eat farmed salmon, you get dosed with the same drugs and chemicals. The solution: Switch to wild-caught Alaska salmon. If the package says fresh Atlantic, it’s farmed. There are no commercial fisheries left for wild Atlantic salmon. Farmed Fish vs. Wild Fish: How Healthy Is The Fish At Your Favorite Grocery? 6. The Cancer Researcher Won’t Drink: Milk Produced With Artificial Hormones Rick North is project director of the Campaign for Safe Food at the Oregon Physicians for Social Responsibility and former CEO of the Oregon division of the American Cancer Society. The problem: Milk producers treat their dairy cattle with recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH or rBST, as it is also known) to boost milk production. But rBGH also increases udder infections and even pus in the milk. It also leads to higher levels of a hormone called insulin-like growth factor in milk. In people, high levels of IGF-1 may contribute to breast, prostate, and colon cancers. â€Å"When the government approved rBGH, it was thought that IGF-1 from milk would be broken down in the human digestive tract,† says North. â€Å"There’s not 100 percent proof that this is increasing cancer in humans,† admits North. â€Å"However, it’s banned in most industrialized countries. † The solution: Buy raw milk or check labels for rBGH-free, rBST-free, produced without artificial hormones, or organic milk. These phrases indicate rBGH-free products. Why Do Humans Still Drink Milk? 7. The Biotech Specialist Who Won’t Eat Conventional Soy: GMO Unfermented Soy Michael Harris is biotech specialist who has directed several projects within the biotech sector including those for genetically engineered food. He has been a consultant, manager and director for companies such as Xenon Pharmaceuticals and Genon Corporation. The problem: Genetically engineered food is a cause of great concern due to the manipulation of DNA and genetic code including transfers from one species to another. Fermented Soy Is The Only Soy Food Fit for Human Consumption and since almost 90% of soy in the world is genetically modified, if you are not ensuring sources are organic, long-term health problems are inevitable, especially since soy has been found to affect hormonal balance and even cause cancer. The solution: Check labels to ensure soy is Non-GMO or organic and never consume unfermented sources. If possible contact the company to find out exactly where the Non-GMO soy was obtained. 8. The Organic-Foods Expert Won’t Eat: Conventional Apples Mark Kastel, a former executive for agribusiness, is codirector of the Cornucopia Institute, a farm-policy research group that supports organic foods. The problem: If fall fruits held a â€Å"most doused in pesticides contest,† apples would win. Why? They are individually grafted (descended from a single tree) so that each variety maintains its distinctive flavor. As such, apples don’t develop resistance to pests and are sprayed frequently. The industry maintains that these residues are not harmful. But Kastel counters that it’s just common sense to minimize exposure by avoiding the most doused produce, like apples. â€Å"Farm workers have higher rates of many cancers,† he says. And increasing numbers of studies are starting to link a higher body burden of pesticides (from all sources) with Parkinson’s disease. The solution:Buy organic apples or apples from a farmer that you trust!

Hume and Matters of Fact Essay

According to Hume, there are two types of beliefs, relations of ideas and matters of facts. Relations of ideas are indisputable. Such as a widow is a woman whose husband died. Such thoughts are usually definitions. Since it is impossible for a Widow to be anything other then the definition, these ideas are indisputable. Matters of facts claim that if the opposite is imaginable, then it is possible. Matters of fact are debatable, such as the belief in a God or that the world will end. While it is true that these abstract ideas are easily debatable, other ideas that we held as true are also only matters of fact, such as putting wood in a fire will make I burn. While we hold that it is true that everything falls towards the earth, and that the sun rises, it is possible that the sun will not rise and that things will not fall towards the earth, these beliefs are matters of fact because we can visualize the opposite occurring Hume denies reason any power because he is an empiricist. Instead three main principles exist that help humans form ideas; they are resemblance (when looking at a picture a person thinks of the object), contiguity (thinking of an object that is close spatially), and cause and effect (association). Hume claims that reason alone cannot establish matters of facts. There is no reason to believe that what happened one time will happen again. For example, there is no reason for Adam to believe that a rock will fall if he drops it unless he experiences it many times. Even with experience one cannot reason a matter of fact to be true, because the universe may not be uniform. There is a chance that because one thing happened many times, it makes it more possible that it will not happen again. Hume gives a very possible argument for why the universe may not be uniform. He claims that all beliefs are either arguments based on relation of ideas (such as definitions) or arguments based on experience (such as matters of fact). All arguments based on experience require a uniformity of nature principle. In order to argue that putting wood in a fire makes it burn, someone must do the same action many times, but even then there is no reason to believe that the wood will not burn, but extinguish the fire instead. There is a chance that wood actually extinguishes fires, but once in a while it will just burn instead. Unless nature is uniformed then there would be no reason for anyone to believe that wood will burn. The uniformity of nature cannot be proved or based on experience. If based on experience, a circular argument is formed. Therefore there are no reasons for believing that nature is uniform. Therefore no arguments based on experience are reasonable.

Essay on RE DO

Essay on RE DO Essay on RE DO Ivon Dimas Second Draft May 11, 2015 Re-Do Introduction Robert Dahl, a leading democratic theorist, once said: â€Å"Every member must have an equal and effective opportunity to vote, and all votes must be counted as equal†. Every four years in the month of November, citizens of America go to the polls to vote for the President and Vice President of the United States. Throughout the election, we are guaranteed one vote per person and equal voice in electing the people to serve in our government. The way the United States votes its president into office is through the Electoral College. The Electoral College is a body of people, theoretically representing the fifty states of America, who cast votes for the election of the president and vice president. Should the Electoral College be abolished? Yes, the Electoral College should be abolished for three reasons: it allows the election of a president who may not have the support of a majority of voters, gives preference to larger states, and does not give every voter an e qual voice. Definition of terms Abolished: to do away with; put an end to; annul; make void Candidate: person who seeks elected office. Congress: legislative branch of the government, responsible for making laws. The U.S. Congress has two bodies, the House of Representatives and the Senate. Election: the selection of a person or persons for office by vote. Electoral College: a body of electors chosen by the voters in each state to elect the president and vice president of the U.S. Electoral Vote: the vote cast in the electoral college of the U.S. by the representatives of each state in a presidential election. Federal government: pertaining to or of the nature of a union of states under a central government distinct from the individual governments of the separate states National Popular Vote Interstate Compact: is an agreement among several U.S. states plus the District of Columbia to allocate their presidential electors to the winner of the national popular vote under certain conditions Popular Vote: the vote for a U.S. presidential candidate made by the qualified voters, as opposed to that made by the Electoral College. Representative: a person who represents a constituency or community in a legislative body, especially a member of the U.S. House of Representatives or a lower house in certain state legislatures. Senator: a member of a senate. Winner take all: a situation or outcome wherebythe winner receives all the prizes or rewards History In 1786, the United States gained its Independence from the United Kingdom (Holcombe). This left the new-found states with a large debt to France. The governing body that led the country through the American Revolution was the Continental Congress. This body created the Articles of Confederation after the war. The articles served as the federal body, but had limited powers. One such power that they lacked was the power to tax. The articles also upheld state government over federal government. This made it increasingly hard for the young country to pay back its debt and remain united (History). In 1787, the federalists, under the leadership of Alexander Hamilton, drafted the Virgina plan to solve this problem (Smith). The plan was constructed under the idea of having a centralized federal government. Paying back France was just a noble cause. The Virginia plan proposed the two branches of legislation we know as the Senate and the House of Representatives. The House would be proportioned by population, and each state would have two representatives in the senate. The anti-federalists, proposed that such an act would destroy the newly established state governments (Holcombe). The smaller states came together and drafted a counter-plan known as the New Jersey Plan. This plan would continue to limit the power of a centralized federal government, and it would introduce no new congress (Holcombe). The latter part of their plan was put in to assure that the smaller states

Chem Paper essays

Chem Paper essays When people think of hydrogen, outside the studying of a chemistry class or something to that effect, thinks immediately of the hydrogen bomb. This situation is obvious a big image problem. Thanks to new technology, hydrogen has escaped the imagine of the unbearable to other more economical thoughts. The Bush administration as well as environmentalist, are working side by side to look at hydrogen as a power, to power emission-free fuel cells, said by a recent Natural Resources Defense Council report, which will secure a safer and cleaner future for the world. Having a lot of use to it, a fuel cell is essentially a huge battery which places hydrogen through chemical reactions to create electrical energy. What can this do for us? Well, using this method could result in a world which cars run or highly efficient engines of a cost of a penny a mile, which is currently half the rate of modern cars. In the mean time releasing nothing more harmful than water, which we need to stop a big part of air pollution. With all this factors in consideration hydrogen should, and will be the next big thing. This wasnt the first time, in the U.S., that we tried to use alternate fuels. The other alternatives that we tried out as energy efforts are synthetic fossil fuels or fusion power. Unfortunately neither where efficient enough for use, at least not yet. Despite the pit stops, in technology, researchers are still looking for efficient fuel-cell technology which uses hydrogen to power automobiles without creating pollution. While releasing pure water vapor as the exhaust, fuel cells are considerably like hydrogen powered batteries, squeezing electricity out of the reaction between the gas and oxygen that makes water. Despite the fact that it would be better for us to get ride of the common use of oil use, it is cheaper for coal and oil use, and much more expensive for the use of fuel cells. ...

Organic Thin Film Transistor Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organic Thin Film Transistor - Research Paper Example The top diagram (a) shows a top contact device in which the two (source and drain) electrodes are evaporated onto the semiconducting layer by applying a mask and the bottom diagram (b) shows a bottom contact device in which the semiconductor is deposited onto the gate insulator with prefabricated electrodes. Studies on organic semiconductors began in the 1940s and these components were mostly used in xerography due to their photoconductive properties. They have only gained more widespread attention in recent years due to impressive performance and efficiency improvements making it possible for a wider range of further applications. In particular, the considerable improvements in OTFTs have led to an enhanced understanding of their conduction mechanisms and performance characteristics, and fabrication technologies have been developed for optimising their morphology and structural order2. It should also be noted however, that despite the advancement in OTFTs and increasing uses for them, they are still not able to replace the more common inorganic based TFTs for certain applications in which faster switching speeds are required. This is due to their still relatively low mobility, despite considerable improvement in this regard, as shown in the chart below3. On the other hand, OTFTs are better suited where large area coverage is required and they offer compelling advantages of low cost, low temperature processing and structural flexibility. This makes them especially useful for switching in active matrix flat panel displays that consist of liquid crystal pixels or organic LEDs, for radio frequency identification tags (RFIDs), etc. As with inorganic semiconductors, organic semiconductors are also directly affected by such features as purity, crystallinity, molecular packing and growth mode4. The microstructure and morphology of all transistor devices are therefore important because they determine their electrical

School and Sociaty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

School and Sociaty - Research Paper Example Mann is known as â€Å"father of American common school† Talented and hard working teachers can mould a weak student into a strong one. There should be similarity in text books and criterion is set to select teachers. Teachers be paid good amount as salary to motivate them and make job respectable. Tozer states that â€Å"schools are complex institutions with diverse and complicated relationships to the communities in their surroundings†. Now teachers are supposed to understand the link of education with society and should set goals accordingly. Now political economy is term which comprises of political, cultural, social and economical aspects of society. In the same way ideology covers the beliefs and ideas of a society. Therefore these are not separate terms and must be studied in relation to each other. (Tozer, Violas & Senese, 2001) Now if I apply all these terms on my education then my education did not commensurate to my future social and economic challenges. When I went to college, than I realized that school education was just useless for me as I was unable to perform well. I was weak in mathematics therefore I was unable to perform well as a cashier in a grocery shop. Here comes the fault of my school system. Schools of Bronx New York were overcrowded. Teachers were under educated and were low paid. Teachers were also not made accountable by the government authorities for imparting poor education. This weak foundation grew with me and I faced lot of problems in higher education and in job as well. Thomas Jefferson says that citizens should be educated in way that they can liberally understand the world and should also know the functioning of society. Local schools system of a society should be able to run and mange school in a great fashion. Jefferson emphasized on training of mental abilities in his educational ideal. He gave the idea of autonomy to every diverse school district. Primary schools education should be developed in such a wa y that in future the students can ensure the existence of society. Jefferson’s ideal has not played any part in my education. After my basic education I was unacceptable to the society because of poor educational background. Jefferson wants to see an educational system that can strengthen all dimensions of society including economy. After completing basic education I was unable to handle minor accounts efficiently. Initially I was taken as thief in grocery shop because of cash shortage on daily basis but ultimately I was fired. Jefferson wanted students to understand all dimensions of society including ideology and demography. When appeared in entrance exam for admission in a college, I could not understand any thing in the paper and got failed. I did not know the basics of English, Mathematics and history (Gramsci, 2009) Now the schools are accessible to every child but previously the distance to schools was the de motivating factor for students. I will highlight the quality of teachers here as I suffered a lot from this aspect in my life. It is the teacher who can shape the life of his students for making them important part of the society. My teachers were not highly educated as I was studying in a normal public school. Jefferson and Mann always emphasized on highly qualified and enlightened teachers. When I appeared for entrance exam I was unable to understand any thing. I did not know basics about Mathematics and English. I was also fired

Question about the novel The outsider Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Question about the novel The outsider - Essay Example As the storyline continues to unfold, we see many adolescents as irrational. They act without thinking just as is the case with Ponyboy when he finds the church on fire. He jumps out of the car, runs and enters into the burning church intending to rescue the children (Hinton 6). He does this without thinking about his safety and because he has no skills on firefighting, and also because he does not have the right outfit for fire rescue. Pony agrees with this assessment; that he is not reasonable when he says that he sometimes does not think. Adolescence is a phase in life when a teenager considers himself/ herself as an adult and expects to be treated as one. The reality is, they are still teenagers and are under control and guidance to others with parents, and teachers. Therefore when their elders advise them on how to live, the teens start to feel like the elders are dictating them on how to live their lives. The loss of control makes teens feel life is not fair. For instance, Ponyboy knows that he is not safe walking on the streets of his neighborhood, but he still does it. Adolescents also have another behavior of bullying others as well as defending themselves, for example in the outsider, as Ponyboy comes from strolling he is attacked by a gang. Also, Pony is thinking of how he can defend himself and is looking around for a pop bottle or stick or something anything to defend himself. It is at this point that we hear Pony remembering how Steve Randle, had once held off four guys with a busted pop bottle. Such, and other examples in the book go a long way in showing us that adolescents have a bullying habit and are also

Leader-Member Exchange theory of leadership Essay Example for Free

Leader-Member Exchange theory of leadership Essay The Leader-Member Exchange theory of leadership (Also known as LMX, LMET or Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory) is a type of leadership theory that focuses on the dyadic relationship between leader and follower where the leader treats individual followers differently, resulting in two groups of followers—an in-group and an out-group. The in-group consists of a small number of trusted followers with whom the leader usually establishes a special higher quality exchange relationship. The out-group includes the followers with whom the relationship of the leader remains more formal. It focuses on increasing organizational success by creating positive relations between the leader and subordinate (follower). The theory asserts that leaders do not interact with subordinates uniformly. ‘In-group’ followers perform their jobs in accordance with the employment contracts and can be counted on by the supervisor to perform unstructured tasks, to volunteer for extra work, and to take on additional responsibilities. Supervisors exchange personal and positional resources (inside information, influence in decision making, task assignment, job latitude, support, and attention) in return for subordinates’ performance on unstructured tasks. High LMX relationship achieves increased mutual trust, confidence, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, common bonds, open communication, independence respect, rewards recognition and hence benefits both the organisation and the employee. Recognizing the existence of the in-group and out-group, could be discriminating against the out-group thus affecting employee turnover based on bad-quality LMX and job dissatisfaction. This is because members of ‘out-group’ Example of an organization that has successfully used this theory is ‘E-Myth Worldwide’

Blood :: essays papers

Blood Parentheses of blood Dramas are classified into four sub-fields: tragedies, comedies, melo-dramas, and satires. Each sub-field has characteristics, which makes it identifiable. It is common to find any combination of the sub-fields within a play. To classify drama one must look at the more prominent theme. This paper is focusing on the drama â€Å"Parentheses of blood†, by playwright Sony Labou Tansi. Tansi was born in Congo in 1947. Of his fifteen plays most were published in French. In 1986 his work was commissioned for English translation. Tansi has lived through Africas period of colonialism and the dictorial governments that followed. Congo was under French colonial rule through his adolescent years. It went through periods of military dictatorship before democratization. Tansi was a member of the opposing party in Congo and won himself a seat in the National assembly in 1993, just two years before his death. Like many others in post-colonial Africa, Tansi felt oppressed and untrusting of government, this is clearly evident in â€Å"Parentheses of blood.† This play is an African Drama. Three-dimensional characters are common in African dramas, this is necessary in order to make the drama believable. Another theme of African plays is the presence of a storteller. This is common because many plays have been passed down through generations by word. A third distinguishing feature is an audience that has an active role within the play. A final identifying source is the presence of song and dance. The characters in Tansi’s play were unquestionably three-dimensional. They all had distinct personalities and body, an essential for making the drama believable. How can the absence of the three remaining elements of African drama be explained? Tansi’s work was done in the post-colonial period. Because of French influence African song and dance became less prominent. It was not totally wiped out, but because of French policy many once common tribal songs and dance became less common among Africans. Writing in a modern period Tansi had no need for a storyteller. This play is a depiction of the way Tansi saw life in Africa from his own point of view. Tansi did not choose to have an active audience. Not all African dramas had this characteristic, but this could be another consequence of the transition to the post-modern literature of Africa.

Effective Team and Performance Management Essay

Effective Team and Performance Management Introduction            This is a report on the case study on team performance management of Electric Company. The report will borrow on theory and practice of both leadership and team management in order to explain the need for organisations to employ the use of employee teams which is a strategy designed to improve the performance of the employees. The report will begin with an introduction of the organisation in the case study and then proceed to the aims and objectives of the report. This will be followed by a discussion of the theories that have been used to describe team performance as well as the substitution of leaders by the teams. In this section, an empirical review on these theories will also be carried out. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations will be presented.            Electron, is a small manufacturing company that deals with the manufacture of telecommunications components. The company was established in 1997 and its headquarters is in the North of England. It should be noted that 90 out of 150 employees working at the headquarters work in the manufacturing department. The company operates using the traditional organisation structure divided into various departments such as manufacturing, finance, human resource, sales and marketing and engineering departments. The management of the company decided to group the employees in the manufacturing department into 8 teams each consisting of 10 employees in order to increase their efficiency in terms of the quality and the quantity of work done. The management of the company wanted to establish whether the teams would perform better as compared to when employees were working individually. This report therefore aims to evaluate the performance of the selected teams borrowing heavily on theory and empirical evidence to determine the appropriateness of dividing employees into teams. the report will also rely heavily on the relevant work of other researchers and academicians. The report will also make conclusions on the performance of teams as well as make recommendations on what the best practices are on employee team performance (Mueller, Procter & Buchanan, 2000).            Team PerformanceIn today’s organisations, employees are increasingly being allocated to work groups as part of the strategy to increase their efficiency and output. This is also being done in order to ensure that employees work together in a more effective way and are able to exploit their potential to grow and develop in an optimal way. These work groups are normally designed such that the employees are working together on some common activities in manner that is co-ordinated and in most occasions, these activities cannot be carried out successfully through individual effort alone. In such a case where employees are working together in group for a common goal, this is normally referred to as team work and the groups are normally referred to as teams. It should be noted that in an organisation setting, managers or supervisors can form employee teams on a temporary or permanent basis and the compositions of these teams varies with the purpose for which the te am is created in the first place. This means that there are teams that will constitute of employees from the same department while there are teams which will be made up of employees from across the various departments of the organisation. There are various attributes that will determine whether a team is successful in its activities; however, of a lot of importance is the support from senior management, training and development as well as the devotion and dedication of team members in the execution of their duties (Parker, 1990).            Teams and leadershipTeams are today required to take care of a lot of the duties that were previously assigned to supervisors and therefore various scholars and academicians have made suggestions that teams have come to be substitutes of leadership in organisations of the 21st century. They also argue that as a result of this change, supervisors on the other hand have also evolved from being foremen to mere facilitators of the activities of the team members (Huusko, 2006). In practice therefore, in a situation where the organisation employees are divided into teams, the number of supervisors greatly reduce since the hierarchical structure of the organisation is lowered and the organisation adopts a more flat organisation structure. This therefore means that the role of leadership in the organisation is faced with a new challenging situation where they no longer have a clearly laid down way of operating as their duties have been taken over by the new teams.            There are various theories that have attempted to explain the idea of the substitution of leadership and an example of such is the idea that deals with the idea of moderators that are known to influence the actions of leaders and leaders’ substitutes in different ways. The idea suggests that most of the current arrangements evident in organisations today such as teams, management from a distance and others have various effects on the roles of leaders in the organisation and can either support them or substitute them and even reduce the impact that leaders have on the employees of the organisation. This can occur in a case where the management and the employees are separated by a long distance and may therefore not understand the instructions given to them by their supervisors if proper communication channels have not been established. Researchers on leadership substitutes have also brought a legal angle into the discussion where they argue that employees may receive the needed guidance or instructions from their supervisors but take it for granted that the information comes from the supervisors as they are the primary suppliers of such information in the organisational structure (Howell et al., 1990).            In the case of Electric Company, it is evident that the older team members were given the responsibility of ensuring that the new team members understood the norms of the team and that they obeyed the rules of the team as well as ensure that they were fully and successfully integrated into the value based social order. This therefore means that the role of supervisors and other leadership persons in the organisation was taken over by the older members of the teams indicating that there was a substitution of leadership roles by the teams. This has been clearly supported by both the theories above and the empirical evidence.            Another theory that explains the substitution of leadership by team members is the theory of functional leadership. Researchers have used this leadership perspective to argue that effective team leaders are normally able to follow the activities of their team members and also normally take over any leadership roles in the team at any time when there is need for such an action (Zaccaro, Rittman, & Marks, 2001). This means that a team leader’s primary responsibility in the organisation is to plan the activities of the team and to continuously follow the activities of the team members as well as to determine the functions that are not being carried out in the right way and those that are missing in order to either perform the duties themselves or ensure that team members are made aware of them and directed to carry them out. The functional leadership theory is based on the premise that certain team circumstances normally drive the actions of the team members as well as the team leaders and they therefore call for some leadership activities to be adopted by the team leaders. This means that once the team leaders adopt these jobs then the leaders are left with no duties and therefore become useless in the organisational structure (Zaccaro, 2002).            In most organisations therefore, this theory suggests that leadership behaviours become irrelevant and ineffective in guiding the actions of the teams and therefore the success of teams does not require the involvement of leaders but the guidance of the team leaders and the dedication of the team members. The argument by this theory is therefore in line with the contingency theories of leadership which suggest that leadership effectiveness is normally influenced by the context of leadership, the situation facing the leader at a particular time as well as the organisational conditions at specific times (House, 1971). This means that the characteristics and behaviours of the team members and the team leaders are able to take the place of leadership processes thereby substituting the role of leadership in the organisation. This moves the focus of leadership functions from the person or individual leader to the functions of leadership and extends the idea that leadersh ip functions can be found from other sources other than the organisational leaders themselves.            This is the situation that was experienced by the employees at Electron Company when new members were introduced into the teams. the old team members who were already aware of the values and norms of their teams naturally assumed leadership roles and guided the new members to understand and identify with these team values as they best as they could as this is what drove the dedication of team members in general as well as the performance of the team as compared to the other teams. The result was that the older team members were exerting control over the actions of the new team members and therefore the new team members saw the need to follow the laid down values of the team. This led to a situation where the new team members also started controlling themselves in terms of their actions and behaviour towards work and other team members (Kerr & Jermier, 1978). This therefore made it possible for the values and norms of the teams to be translated into simple rules and regulations that all new employees could understand easily and therefore fit into their assigned teams with ease. The assumption of the responsibility of guiding the new team members by the old team members therefore substituted the need for leadership in the management of the company.            The new way of carrying out duties amongst the team members resulted in a situation where the common values and norms of the team members were gradually turned into properly laid down rules and regulation and it was the responsibility of each team member to follow them in order to effectively contribute to the success of the organisation at large. This therefore means that team members were no longer acting on the instructions of the team leaders but their actions were being guided by the rules and regulations that they had set up themselves. Team members found it easy to follow these rules and regulations as they had played a part in their making and therefore felt more comfortable following hem unlike in a case where these rules had been established by the management of the company without their involvement in any way. Team members found it hard not to follow the rules because of the peer pressure that they experienced from other team members and due to the fact that the rules were such that failure to follow them would lead to punitive actions against the team member. Employee effectiveness was therefore ensured through peer pressure and the fact that older members were very keen to avoid a situation where they could be seen as being too harsh to the new employees. They therefore ensured that they carried out their duties according to the laid down procedures and therefore the new team members were left with no option but to adapt to the situation and follow the actions of the older ones. This situation effectively removed the need for leadership individuals in the structure as the team members were able to control them and ensure that all employees worked for the greater good of the company (Kerr & Jermier, 1978).            Determinants of team performanceResearchers have argued that although most employee groups can be referred to as teams, it should be noted that there are several major differences that distinguish groups and teams and these are very important for anyone to understand in order not to make the mistake of confusing the two. In most cases, groups are normally made up of people who meet through the fact that they share a common interest such as past time activity or sport while a team on the other hand can still be made up of people who share a common interest but the major reason for their being in the same team is the fact that they have complimentary abilities or qualities. This means that for a team to succeed in what they do, they have to work together and combine their efforts and skills otherwise they will just be working as individuals. The main advantage of teams is that they have the energy and the power needed to complete particular tasks and activities which would have been impossible if there was no team in the first place and an individual was carrying out the task by their own. It has been argued that although each member of the team has some unique abilities or skills, they cannot be able to use them and succeed in the execution of the task if they are working alone and therefore they must be in the team for their efforts to count in the execution of the task or activity (Guzzo & Dickson, 1996).            Researchers have also argued that one of the important factors that determine the way people conduct themselves when they are in a team is self-awareness. In today’s business setting, most organisations, through the use of human resource development professionals as well as consultants, have developed various tests that are designed to help employees more self-aware thereby improving their understanding of themselves and what motivates them to act in particular ways. Researchers have however noted that the results of the assessments normally rely on the individual employee’s self-reporting and therefore the outcome of the tests may not be objective in nature and in most cases they are always positive as it is human nature not to say anything negative about oneself. The reason for this is that human beings are known to agree with their personal thoughts. Researchers therefore suggests that employees may fake their personal abilities and they may also b e unrealistic in the way they view themselves and therefore the opinion of others about our abilities or attributes may be disregarded when assuming team roles. This means that the performance of the team may be adversely affected if only an individual’s opinion is considered when assigning team roles (Belbin, 1981).            Various researchers such as Salas, Cooke, & Rosen, (2008) and Cohen & Bailey (1997) have empirically examined the issue of team performance. Traditionally, the effectiveness of a team has been measured by researchers and academicians either through the use of unidimensional models of effectiveness such as real productivity of the team and the objective measurement of team performance or through the use of multidimensional models which normally adopt a wider spectrum of measures other than productivity. These other measures could be the attitude of the members of the team, their behaviour and their levels of job satisfaction (Pina, Martinez, & Martinez, 2008). Empirical research has also revealed that there are three most common measurements that are used to measure team effectiveness and these are performance effectiveness measured in terms of the quality and quantity of the team output, the attitude of the team members measured in terms of level of trust and level of job satisfaction and finally the behavioural outcomes of team members measure in terms of employee turnover and the level of absenteeism among the team members. Researchers however point out that the three measures are used in varying degrees in each team and the degree of usage in a specific team will be influenced by the type of activities that the team engages in (Pina et al., 2008).            ConclusionsThe evaluation of the theories and empirical literature carried out above regarding substitution of leadership functions by the use of teams in organisations shows that it is clear that the future of organisations is towards the establishment of employee teams in the quest for much more concentrated efforts in delivering efficient services and in ensuring that employees are able to maximise their growth and development potential within the organisations. It is clear that using teams in organisations leads to a situation where team members tend to come up with their own norms and values that guide their actions and behaviours and these values and norms finally end up being translated into laws and regulations that all employees in the team can clearly understand and are expected to follow without being reminded by the leaders in the organisation (Mullen, et al., 1994). The emergence of these rules laid down by the team members themselves lead to a situati on where all members of the team know their exact duties and roles in the team and therefore carry out their duties without the need for supervision. This situation has effectively reduced the need for leaders in the organisation as their roles have been slowly eroded by the activities of these teams. This is exactly what happened in the case of Electric Company where the rules that were established by team members took the place of supervisors in guiding the actions of employees. These teams also influence the performance of individual employees and it has been established that individuals in teams tend to perform much better than if they were working individually.            RecommendationsFollowing the discussion above and the conclusions that have been made regarding the role of teams in the organisations and how their performance can be measured and improved, there are various recommendations to the management of companies that will lead to the better performance of teams and the organisations in general. The management of Electric Company should develop a human resource development program aimed at training the team leaders on the formal decision making process and other managerial roles in order to ensure that they are more effective in guiding their team members to better performance. The management of the company should also ensure that selection and assignment of employees to different teams should take into account the individual skills and abilities of the employees in order to ensure that they contribute to the well-being of the organisation through improved performance. Finally, employees themselves should ensure that they follow the laid down team rules and regulations and therefore ensure that they carry out their team roles without being reminded as their individual actions are what will lead to the success of the entire team. It is therefore important for organisations to consider developing various teams among their employees as this will lead to better performance and may also lead to lower costs incurred to maintain supervisors and other leaders in the organisation. References Belbin R. M. (1981) Management Teams: Why they succeed or fail. London, Butterworth-Heinemann.Guzzo, R. A., & Dickson, M. W. (1996). Teams in organizations: Recent research on performance and effectiveness. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 307–338. House, R. J. (1971). A path-goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15, 321–338. Howell, J.P., Bowen, D.E., Dorfman, P.W., Kerr, S. & Podsakoff, P.M. (1990), Substitutes for leadership: effective alternatives to ineffective leadership, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 20-38. Huusko, L. (2006), The lack of skills: an obstacle in teamwork, Team Performance Management: An International Journal, Vol. 12 Nos 1/2, pp. 5-16. Kerr, S., & Jermier, J. M. (1978). Substitutes for leadership: Their meaning and measurement, Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance, vol. 22 no.3, pp. 375–403. Mueller, F., Procter, S. & Buchanan, D. (2000), Teamworking in its context(s): antecedents, nature and dimensions, Human Relations, Vol. 53 No. 11, pp. 1387-424. Parker, G. M. (1990). Team Players and Teamwork: The New Competitive Business Strategy. Oxford: Jossey-Bass Zaccaro, S. J. (2002). Organizational leadership and social intelligence. In R. E. Riggio, S. E. Murphy, & F. J. Pirozzolo (Eds.), Multiple intelligences and leadership (pp. 29–54). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Zaccaro, S. J., Rittman, A. L., & Marks, M. A. (2001). Team leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 12, 451–483. Cohen, S. G., & Bailey, D. E. (1997). What makes teams work: Group effectiveness research from the shop floor to the executive suite. Journal of Management, 23(3), 239–290. Salas, E., Cooke, N. J., & Rosen, M. A. (2008). On teams, teamwork, and team performance: Discoveries and development. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 50(3), 540–547. Pina, M. I. D., Martinez, A. M. R., & Martinez, L. G. (2008). Teams in organizations: A review on team effectiveness. Team Performance Management, 14(1/2), 7–21. Mullen, B., Anthony, T., Salas, E., & Driskell, J. E. (1994). Group cohesiveness and quality of decision making: An integration of tests of the groupthink hypothesis. Small Group Research, 25(2), 189–204. Source document

Is Ainu similar to Japanese in terms of structure and/or phonology?

Located at the northernmost portion of Japan and almost proxemic to Russia, the island of Hokkaido is home to a Japanese ethnic minority called the Ainu.   Currently, although the Ainu is a distinguished ethnicity, they are generally considered Japanese.   Historically, Hokkaido was Ainu territory until Japan became a full jurisdiction of Japan in   1879 (Sugimoto, 61).Prior to the establishment of a Japanese government in Hokkaido and even some years after the regime, the Ainu maintained a lifestyle that was distinctively their own; even over the new century, there have had problems in terms of the recognition of the Ainu as indigenous peoples instead of Japanese.Culturally, the Ainu culture is different from Japan although due to the diminishment of the population of the decades, in addition to the assimilation of the Ainu descents to the Japanese culture, at some point the Ainu seems to be in threat in terms of maintaining its own identity (Sugimoto).An apparent distinctive cultural element of the Ainu is their language; all in all, when it comes to examining the Ainu language, it is categorized as genetically language-isolate (Shibatani, 5).   Although studies on the Ainu language have demonstrated discussions as to whicg language it would be considered to have a close proximity, interestingly, its similarities with the Japanese language is minimal.This is an interesting point given that even though Hokkaido is an island north of Japan, the Ainu's lingual relationship with the societies that surround it — Japan, Korea, Russia — have been found to be still distinguishingly distant.A Background on the AinuIn tracing the Ainu of Japan, this group's roots have not been fully determined mainly because of their distant relationship from the peoples of its geographic proximity.   It was found, however, that based on genetic testings the Ainu had relations with the groups from Tibet and in the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean.Another theo ry was based on tests that showed genetic similarities with those from Mongolia and the Russian Far East.   This can be attributed to the geographical history in which the Japanese archipelago was once a part of the Asiatic mainland (Levin & Michael).Culture-wise the indigenous Ainu was also different from the Japanese; in a sense, evem prior to the establishment of the Japanese regime in the 1870s, much of the Ainu's interaction were among the indigenous populations from Sakhalin and the Kurile island were found to be more evident (Sugimoto).Given the geographical roots of the Ainu and the location of Hokkaido, the Ainu's way of life demonstrated hunting, fishing, and gathering activities, in addition to seasonal lifestyles reflective of surviving the winter months.In terms of its religion and beliefs, the Ainu is also different from the Japanese; hence, culturally, even these two have little or nothing in common.   This therefore further supports the theories that the Ainu lan guage is essentially different from the Japanese.A Discussion on the Ainu LanguageThe Ainu language is not only exclusive in the island of Hokkaido where the Ainu people are more known to be found; in fact, the Ainu was also distributed in certain parts of Japan such as in Northern Honshu, parts of Sakhalin and Kurile Islands.   The language was therefore spoken in these parts of the country but it remained contained among the Ainu communities.The Ainu language is identified to also have its dialects: the Ainu-Hokkaido, Ainu-Sikhalin and the Ainu-Kurile. From these dialects were distinctions were also identified, particular through the differences in the phonology lexicon.However, there was also the noted degree of variation in terms of the similarities and differences among these dialects.   For instance, according to Shibatani (7), there is a great difference between the Ainu language in Hokkaido and in Sakhalin and in the syllable structures such as CV and CVC in Hokkaido Ain u whereas in Sakhalin the syllable structures are CVC, CV, CVV (long vowel) (Shibatani, 8).  Another important feature in the Ainu language is in its phonology; as Shibatani (12-13) mentioned, the language avoids the the use of vowel sequences, hence, the tendency is that the second vowels are usually devocalized.Comparing Ainu Language with the Japanese LanguageGenerally, a comparison between the Ainu language and Japanese is explained by Shibatani as follows (xiv):â€Å"There is no strong evidence suggesting that a genetic relationship between Ainu and Japanese, and structurally the two differ significantly.   Ainu, especially classic Ainu, is a polysynthetic language involving incorporated nouns, incorporated adverbs, affixal forms of reflexive and reciprocal morphemes, as well as personal affixes agreeing with subject and object.Japanes also shows a high degree of synthesis in its verbal morphology, but involving neither personal affixes or noun incorporation of the Ainu ty pe, it shows a qualitative difference from the Ainu structure.†Ã‚   As previously mentioned, the Ainu language is classified as language-isolate; this means that the language does not have a traceable association or relation with any other language.   Many studies in the past have attempted to identify the closest relative of the Ainu language, but mostly, the Ainu has remained unique.Since that the language was spoken only among the Ainu and that the next generation Ainus were no longer educated with the language because of the discrimination they experienced in Japan, the Ainu language can be considered to be threatened to near-extinction.In fact, there are only a certain number of individuals who are noted to speak the language, although given the fact that the Ainu culture was just recently acknowledged by the Japanese Parliament as a distinct indigenous culture, the interest in the culture and in the language have been on the rise for the purpose of reviving it (Akulov) .